The 1301 consisted of one (for Model 1) or two (for model 2) modules, each containing 25 platters, each platter about 1⁄ 8-inch (3.2 mm) thick and 24 inches (610 mm) in diameter. In 1961 IBM announced, and in 1962 shipped, the IBM 1301 disk storage unit, which superseded Variants of the IBM 350 were the IBM 355, IBM 7300 and IBM 1405. The 350 had a single arm with two read/write heads, one facing up and the other down, that moved both horizontally between a pair of adjacent platters and vertically from one pair of platters to a second set. It was approximately the size of two medium-sized refrigerators and stored five million six-bit characters (3.75 megabytes) on a stack of 52 disks (100 surfaces used). The first production IBM hard disk drive, the 350 disk storage, shipped in 1957 as a component of the IBM 305 RAMAC system. US$0.024 per gigabyte by 2020 ġ.3 terabits per square inch in 2015 Video of modern HDD operation (cover removed) Improvement of HDD characteristics over time
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HDDs are connected to systems by standard interface cables such as PATA (Parallel ATA), SATA (Serial ATA), USB or SAS ( Serial Attached SCSI) cables. The two most common form factors for modern HDDs are 3.5- inch, for desktop computers, and 2.5-inch, primarily for laptops. Performance is specified by the time required to move the heads to a track or cylinder (average access time) adding the time it takes for the desired sector to move under the head (average latency, which is a function of the physical rotational speed in revolutions per minute), and finally the speed at which the data is transmitted (data rate).
Also there is confusion regarding storage capacity, since capacities are stated in decimal gigabytes (powers of 1000) by HDD manufacturers, whereas the most commonly used operating systems report capacities in powers of 1024, which results in a smaller number than advertised. Typically, some of an HDD's capacity is unavailable to the user because it is used by the file system and the computer operating system, and possibly inbuilt redundancy for error correction and recovery. Capacity is specified in unit prefixes corresponding to powers of 1000: a 1- terabyte (TB) drive has a capacity of 1,000 gigabytes (GB where 1 gigabyte = 1 billion (10 9) bytes). The primary characteristics of an HDD are its capacity and performance. Cost per bit for SSDs is falling, and the price premium over HDDs has narrowed.
Though SSDs have four to nine times higher cost per bit, they are replacing HDDs in applications where speed, power consumption, small size, high capacity and durability are important. Flash storage products had more than twice the revenue of hard disk drives as of 2017. The revenues for SSDs, most of which use NAND flash memory, slightly exceed those for HDDs. Though production is growing slowly (by exabytes shipped ), sales revenues and unit shipments are declining because solid-state drives (SSDs) have higher data-transfer rates, higher areal storage density, somewhat better reliability, and much lower latency and access times. HDDs dominate the volume of storage produced ( exabytes per year) for servers. More than 224 companies have produced HDDs historically, though after extensive industry consolidation most units are manufactured by Seagate, Toshiba, and Western Digital. HDDs maintained this position into the modern era of servers and personal computers, though personal computing devices produced in large volume, like cell phones and tablets, rely on flash memory storage devices. Introduced by IBM in 1956, HDDs were the dominant secondary storage device for general-purpose computers beginning in the early 1960s. Modern HDDs are typically in the form of a small rectangular box. HDDs are a type of non-volatile storage, retaining stored data even when powered off.
Data is accessed in a random-access manner, meaning that individual blocks of data can be stored and retrieved in any order. The platters are paired with magnetic heads, usually arranged on a moving actuator arm, which read and write data to the platter surfaces. A hard disk drive ( HDD), hard disk, hard drive, or fixed disk is an electro-mechanical data storage device that stores and retrieves digital data using magnetic storage and one or more rigid rapidly rotating platters coated with magnetic material.
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